Today in History

1263		At Largs, King Alexander III of Scotland repels an amphibious invasion by King Haakon IV of Norway.
1535		Having landed in Quebec a month ago, Jacques Cartier reaches a town, which he names Montreal.
1862		An Army under Union General Joseph Hooker arrives in Bridgeport, Alabama to support the Union forces at Chattanooga. Chattanooga's Lookout Mountain provides a dramatic setting for the Civil War's battle above the clouds.
1870		The papal states vote in favor of union with Italy. The capital is moved from Florence to Rome.
1871		Morman leader Brigham Young, 70, is arrested for polygamy. He was later convicted, but the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the conviction.
1879		A dual alliance is formed between Austria and Germany, in which the two countries agree to come to the other's aid in the event of aggression.
1909		Orville Wright sets an altitude record, flying at 1,600 feet. This exceeded Hubert Latham's previous record of 508 feet.
1931		Aerial circus star Clyde Pangborn and playboy Hugh Herndon, Jr. set off to complete the first nonstop flight across the Pacific Ocean from Misawa City, Japan.
1941		The German army launches Operation Typhoon, the drive towards Moscow.
1950		The comic strip Peanuts, by Charles M. Schultz, makes its first appearance in newspapers.
1964		Scientists announce findings that smoking can cause cancer.
1967		Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American Supreme Court justice, is sworn in. Marshall had previously been the solicitor general, the head of the legal staff of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and a leading American civil rights lawyer.