Don't lie: Do you like big butts? Well that's OK, because new
research shows that for women a big behind can actually be beneficial
to health! Anthony and Laci join up to explain the science behind this
finding.
Monday, November 4, 2013
Health News
The Daily Drift
It's true ...
Carolina Naturally is read in 194 countries around the world daily.
Sad but, oh, so true ... !
Today is Use You Common Sense Day
Today is Use You Common Sense Day
Don't forget to visit our sister blog: It Is What It Is
Some of our readers today have been in:
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Europe
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Frankfurt Am Main, Widdern, Rothe Erde and Muenchen, Germany
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Boulogne-Billancourt, Cerny and Rouen, France
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Today in History
| 644 | Umar of Arabia is assassinated at Medina and is succeeded as caliph by Uthman. | |
| 1493 | Christopher Columbus discovers Guadeloupe during his second expedition. | |
| 1677 | William III and Mary of England wed on William's birthday. | |
| 1760 | Following the Russian capture of Berlin, Frederick II of Prussia defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Torgau. | |
| 1791 | General Arthur St. Clair, governor of Northwest Territory, is badly defeated by a large Indian army near Fort Wayne. | |
| 1798 | Congress agrees to pay a yearly tribute to Tripoli, considering it the only way to protect U.S. shipping. | |
| 1842 | Abraham Lincoln marries Mary Todd in Springfield, Ill. | |
| 1854 | Florence Nightingale and her nurses arrive in the Crimea. | |
| 1863 | From the main Confederate Army at Chattanooga, Tennessee, Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's troops are sent northeast to besiege Knoxville. | |
| 1918 | Austria signs an armistice with the Allies. | |
| 1922 | The U.S. Postmaster General orders all homes to get mailboxes or relinquish delivery of mail. | |
| 1922 | The entrance to King Tut's tomb is discovered. | |
| 1924 | Calvin Coolidge is elected 30th president of the United States. | |
| 1924 | Nellie Tayloe Ross and Miriam Ferguson are elected first and second women governors (Wyoming and Texas). | |
| 1946 | The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is established. | |
| 1952 | General Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected 34th president of the United States. | |
| 1956 | Russian troops attack Budapest, Hungary. | |
| 1979 | At the American Embassy in Teheran, Iran, 90 people, including 63 Americans, are taken hostage by militant student followers of Ayatollah Khomeini. The students demand the return of Shah Mohammad Reza Pablavi, who is undergoing medical treatment in New York City. | |
| 1980 | Ronald Reagan is elected the 40th president of the United States. | |
| 1992 | Carol Moseley Braun becomes the first African American woman to be elected to the U.S. Senate. | |
| 1995 | Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin is assassinated at a peace rally in Tel Aviv. | |
| 2008 | Senator Barack Obama of Illinois elected 44th president of the United States, the first African American to hold that position. |
Bacon Shaving Cream
J&D's Bacon Shaving Cream is a high end, luxurious bacon-scented shaving cream for all skin types. It is best used after a hot shower or before an important date with someone you may want to spend the rest of your life with. With J&Ds Bacon Shaving Cream, prepare to be loved, admired and possibly be eaten by bears.
Did you know ...
Hey, let's get this class warfare started
NYC teen arrested for shopping while black
Gun sellers using instagram to evade background checks
The numbers prove old movies are better than new ones
North Carolina repugican grows up and becomes a Democrat
‘I guess being American just isn’t good enough’ for the repugican cabal anymore
The other day, a North Carolina Republican congressional candidate switched his party affiliation to Democrat, saying
that he “refuse[s] to be part of an extremist movement in the repugican cabal that
only appears to thrive on fear and hate mongering of anyone and everyone
who doesn’t walk their line.” In a statement posted on his website, Jason Thigpen criticized the establishment candidate, Walter Jones, saying “[t]he repugican cabal leadership has such little regard and faith in the more than 1 Million people whom live in NC’s 3rd Congressional District that they don’t believe even one of us are good enough to represent OUR District. So they sent a lobbyist who’s lived in Washington, D.C. for the last 15 or more years. What an insult.”
Earlier this year, Thigpen attacked the strict new North Carolina voting law, writing that “[y]ou can paint a turd and sell it as art, but it’s still a turd.”
Thigpen is a six-year Army veteran and, according to his website, a recipient of the Purple Heart. “I didn’t go to war to defend the liberties and freedoms of one party, race, sex, or one income class of Americans,” he writes of the repugican attempt to suppress the vote.
“So, to come home from serving our country and see North Carolina legislators using their super-majority status to gerrymander districts and pass a law to deliberately suppress and oppress the voting rights of Democrats but more specifically minorities and college students, is absolutely deplorable.”
Thigpen is challenging Walter Jones in the 3rd Congressional District. Jones, a repugican, is also facing a far-right challenger with tea party affiliations.
Portraits of Walmart's parking-lot nomads
Boats Made from Aviation Fuel Tanks Left over from the Vietnam War
Vietnamese civilians put them to good use. Many of them were turned into boats and are even still in active service.
New Cannonball Run Record
The 1981 film Cannonball Run portrayed a group of "highway scofflaws and degenerates" who race across the United States while ignoring the 55-mph speed limit. The movie inspired others to see how fast one can really drive from New York to Los Angeles, and that goal is still known as the Cannonball Run. The record set in 2007 was 31 hours and 4 minutes, but that was broken on October 19-20 by Ed Bolian (center) and his team, Dave Black and Dan Huang. Bolian has been working on this run for several years, starting with research (the others were recruited at the last minute).
He went into preparation mode about 18 months ago and chose a Mercedes CL55 AMG with 115,000 miles for the journey. The Benz's gas tank was only 23 gallons, so he added two 22-gallon tanks in the trunk, upping his range to about 800 miles. The spare tire had to go in the backseat with his spotter, Dan Huang, a student at Georgia Tech, Bolian's alma mater.The trip began with a bad omen, as Bolian was pulled over in New York City for relying on the GPS, which sent him the wrong way down a one-way street. But the rest of the trip went fast. How fast? The car reached Redondo Beach, California, in 28 hours and 50 minutes! They had covered 2,803 miles. You can read the announcement at Bolina's website, and the entire story at CNN.
To foil the police, he installed a switch to kill the rear lights and bought two laser jammers and three radar detectors. He commissioned a radar jammer, but it wasn't finished in time for the trek. There was also a police scanner, two GPS units and various chargers for smartphones and tablets -- not to mention snacks, iced coffee and a bedpan.
Ghostly image damaged police officer's car
When a strange phenomenon blew through the parking lot of Hartford
Police department in Connecticut and damaged an officer's personal
vehicle, police turned to the local TV station to help them solve the
mystery. Surveillance video shows a ghost-like wisp of wind whirling
around the car, ripping off the mirror, tossing it around a bit and
then dropping it right back beneath the door.
"At the end of his shift, he went out to his car and found his rear view
mirror had been damaged and it was lying there next to his vehicle,"
said Lt. Brian Foley, spokesman for the Hartford Police Department. At first, the officer assumed it was the work of vandals, but investigators saw something much more unusual when they looked at surveillance video of the lot.
"Some of the officers said they think the parking lot is haunted," Lt. Foley, said. NBC Connecticut meteorologist Brad Field reviewed the video and gave an explanation that was scientific rather than supernatural. "I saw this surveillance video and I said, 'What the heck is this,' "he said. After checking it more closely, Field realized that the conditions were just right for a dust devil, a tornado-like whip of wind that tends to form over asphalt.
"The only way you can see the dust devil is that it picks up dust and
debris into it," Field said. Call it a dust devil, call it what you
will, but investigators call it creepy and said no other cars in the
lot were damaged. "To be able to rip a mirror off a car, throw it around
and then put it right back below where it was ripped off is interesting
... to say the least," Foley said.
"Some of the officers said they think the parking lot is haunted," Lt. Foley, said. NBC Connecticut meteorologist Brad Field reviewed the video and gave an explanation that was scientific rather than supernatural. "I saw this surveillance video and I said, 'What the heck is this,' "he said. After checking it more closely, Field realized that the conditions were just right for a dust devil, a tornado-like whip of wind that tends to form over asphalt.
Two Cups of Milk
Milky Way that is ...
Lady attacked news crew
Reporters from WUSA9 in Washington were on Southern Avenue in Southeast
DC to cover a reported home invasion that occurred at 2:00am on
Wednesday.
Police said four armed men held eight people hostage, assaulted three of them, including a male who had a broom stick thrust into his mouth.
Photographer Danielle Gill and reporter Bruce Johnson were knocking on
doors, trying to get neighbours to talk to them. Most of them did not
know the family living in the house.
All agreed it had been an up and down community - meaning the drugs and violence would come and go; No one was willing to guess what lead to the home invasion. And then a lady appeared ...
Police said four armed men held eight people hostage, assaulted three of them, including a male who had a broom stick thrust into his mouth.
All agreed it had been an up and down community - meaning the drugs and violence would come and go; No one was willing to guess what lead to the home invasion. And then a lady appeared ...
Yoga fanatic accidentally drowned in clay pit attempting to have near-death experience
A yoga fanatic from St Austell, Cornwall, drowned in a disused clay pit
after attempting to have a 'near-death experience' to achieve a higher
level of spirituality, an inquest heard. Luke Monrose, 27, of
Rescorla, intended to catch hypothermia and be taken to the brink of
death in a bid to better himself and prove the existence of an
afterlife. Police divers discovered his body, clad in swimming goggles
and a life jacket, at Lantern Pit on Sunday, May 19, almost two days
after he told his mother, Susan, that he was meeting friends for a
drink.
He had confided in younger brother Daniel, 26, who had agreed to pass a note explaining his actions to their mother if he did not return from the pit by noon on the Saturday. Cornwall Coroner's Court heard that Luke had taken to practising for his near-death experience (NDE) attempt in the bath and had spent ten years reading books about aliens living among people on Earth. An emotional Mrs Monrose said the most important thing was that people did not believe her son had intended to kill himself. She said: "He knew he was going to do something that endangered his life. But this wasn't suicide and he wasn't suffering with a mental illness. The intent was not to die, but to have a near-death experience, but it went wrong.
"He made absolutely sure his mum knew where to find him [in the note].
He was brave and silly and he was thinking about me. He wasn't unhappy.
It was a very unselfish act because he was trying to prove something
to other people." After he left education he became withdrawn, stopped
seeing his pals, and took to reading books on meditation and
spirituality. "I told him he should get out more, get a girlfriend and
go to the pub and get drunk but he wasn't interested," she said. A
follower of conspiracy theorist David Icke, Luke came to believe that
aside from proving life after death, an NDE would allow him to gain
psychic powers, see the future and achieve an outer body experience
known as astral projection.
Mrs Monroe told the court: "He read books on people that have had near-death experiences and came back with a new sense of purpose. Luke intended to be one of those people and to say 'It's OK, we don't die, we carry on'. That's what he intended to do. He took it to the extreme." In a statement read out in court, Daniel, his brother, said: "It's my belief that Luke thought he was on this Earth to change the fate of the planet for the better. Luke and I weren't scared of death as we know that our consciousness is separate from our physical bodies." Coroner Emma Carlyon recorded a narrative verdict that Luke "died as a consequence of a near-death experience which resulted in physical death". The cause of death was said to be drowning. Paying tribute to her son after the inquest, Mrs Monrose said: "I didn't want anyone thinking he had killed himself on purpose. He was funny, brave and gentle and his spirit will never die."
He had confided in younger brother Daniel, 26, who had agreed to pass a note explaining his actions to their mother if he did not return from the pit by noon on the Saturday. Cornwall Coroner's Court heard that Luke had taken to practising for his near-death experience (NDE) attempt in the bath and had spent ten years reading books about aliens living among people on Earth. An emotional Mrs Monrose said the most important thing was that people did not believe her son had intended to kill himself. She said: "He knew he was going to do something that endangered his life. But this wasn't suicide and he wasn't suffering with a mental illness. The intent was not to die, but to have a near-death experience, but it went wrong.
Mrs Monroe told the court: "He read books on people that have had near-death experiences and came back with a new sense of purpose. Luke intended to be one of those people and to say 'It's OK, we don't die, we carry on'. That's what he intended to do. He took it to the extreme." In a statement read out in court, Daniel, his brother, said: "It's my belief that Luke thought he was on this Earth to change the fate of the planet for the better. Luke and I weren't scared of death as we know that our consciousness is separate from our physical bodies." Coroner Emma Carlyon recorded a narrative verdict that Luke "died as a consequence of a near-death experience which resulted in physical death". The cause of death was said to be drowning. Paying tribute to her son after the inquest, Mrs Monrose said: "I didn't want anyone thinking he had killed himself on purpose. He was funny, brave and gentle and his spirit will never die."
Woman arrested for Ninja star attack on her younger brother
A knife-wielding woman threw several metal Ninja stars at her younger
brother as she chased him down a Florida street late on Wednesday night
following a violent confrontation in their home, police allege.
Kimberly Martinez, 25, was jailed on felony aggravated assault charges
for allegedly battering her brother Randy, 21.
Kimberly and Randy had argued earlier on Wednesday evening about their
little sister having a boy over to their home in Fellsmere, a city
outside Vero Beach.
Randy “did not like it,” while Kimberly said it was okay, according to an Indian River County Sheriff’s Officer arrest affidavit. The dispute escalated at around midnight, when Kimberly “started to hit and choke Randy” and sought to extinguish a cigarette on his face.
After Randy departed the family’s residence, Kimberly “came outside with a filet Knife” and “started to throw Metal Ninja Stars at him.”
Luckily for Randy, his sister’s aim was not true. An officer recovered
three Ninja stars, one in the roadway and two near Randy’s girlfriend’s
car.
Kimberly is being held in lieu of $21,000 bond.
Randy “did not like it,” while Kimberly said it was okay, according to an Indian River County Sheriff’s Officer arrest affidavit. The dispute escalated at around midnight, when Kimberly “started to hit and choke Randy” and sought to extinguish a cigarette on his face.
Unusually Placed Sports Venues
But if you search hard enough, you'll find there are some unusually placed venues that are worth of being called unique. Here are twelve such examples.
Diverse Perspectives
Machu Picchu
Yet a closer look gives a greater insight in to how it must have felt to live there, its thick stone walls echoing to the sounds of everyday life. Take a look at Machu Picchu from different perspectives.
Some 6,000 years of occupation revealed at French site
In advance of the construction of an industrial business park by the
associated communes of Pays de Sainte Odile, Inrap has just finished a
large excavation at Obernai, under the curation of the State (DRAC
Alsace).
Across more than 7.5 hectares, Neolithic, Gallic, Gallo-Roman and
Merovingian societies succeeded each other through time. The excavation
of this site sheds new light on the cultural evolution and population
movements over nearly 6 millennia, as well as on the territorial
organisation of Alsace.
Around 6900 years ago: a Neolithic necropolis
In the south-eastern part of the excavated area, the archaeologists uncovered a funerary sector containing around twenty graves. The oldest of them date from 4900 to 4750 BC. Another sector yielded around fifteen additional Neolithic graves. Most of the deceased were adorned with pendants and bracelets composed of small limestone or mother-of-pearl beads. One of them was wearing two stone ring-disks.
Flint tools and pottery are abundant. Based on the decorated pottery,
this occupation can be attributed to the end of the Grossgartach
culture, the first large entity of the Middle Neolithic, at around 4750
BC. During this period, vast “Danubian” necropoli were replaced by small
sepulchral entities. This transitional period is poorly known in Alsace
and the Obernai necropolis now provides a solid reference.
2160 years ago: a Gallic farm
To the north of the site, the remains of a Gallic farm were found. It is composed of a 8000 m2 enclosure with an unusual plan; it has two doors built into its corners, one of which is covered with a monumental porch. Inside the enclosure, there are building remains, storage pits and many artefacts from the Final La Tene period (150 to 130 BC). These artefacts (fibulae, glass ornaments, pottery, amphorae, coins, etc.) show the importance of this farm and the wealth of its owner.
The Gallic occupation also extends outside of the large enclosure,
beyond its trenches: to the south, the archaeologists uncovered a small
contemporary enclosure whose purpose is still unknown, and around fifty
meters to the east there is a group of habitat structures (excavated
buildings, storage pits).
The discovery of human skull fragments, weapons and a few burials of children and animals, across the entire site, suggests a religious context, and perhaps even the presence of a sanctuary. One pit in particular yielded umbo shields with marks made by strikes.
These data and the location of this establishment at the border between Mediomatrici and Rauraque populations make this site one of the most important for this period in Alsace.
Around 1650 years ago: peoples from the East
Archaeologists and physical anthropologists have studied a Merovingian necropolis composed of eighteen graves orientated west-east, following the ritual of the period. Objects were found in four tombs, including three silver earrings. The richest of the deceased was wearing two small gold pins that were holding a piece of clothing or a veil on her chest.
Two pendants, called ‘chatelaines’, were attached to her belt, and
various objects were attached to them: a silver mirror, like those used
by Alans-Samartian populations (Caucasus); several large beads of
coloured glass and amber; and a toiletry kit (tweezers and earscoop).
This woman also had a triangular brush made from deer antler and
decorated with geometric motifs, and horse heads at its extremities
In addition to the grave goods, the eastern origin of the individuals is shown by the presence of a deformed skull. During the Merovingian period, this practice was first associated with the Huns, the famous ethnic group of central Asia. The intentional deformation required the use of wooden planks or ties that bound the head from a very young age.
This practice distinguished the elites and affirmed their social status.
Similar graves, which are usually isolated, have been discovered in
Northern Gaul, Germany and eastern Europe. They are accompanied by
abundant grave goods. They thus appear to be the graves of high
dignitaries and their families, of eastern origin, incorporated into the
Roman army during the “great migrations”.
The Obernai necropolis is one of the few large groups of discovered in France. It is the first evidence of the presence of an eastern community over a long period of time in Alsace at the end of the Roman Empire.
 |
| Deliberately distorted skull unearthed in a necropolis of the Late Empire in Obernai (Bas-Rhin), 2013 [Credit: © Denis Gliksman, Inrap] |
Around 6900 years ago: a Neolithic necropolis
In the south-eastern part of the excavated area, the archaeologists uncovered a funerary sector containing around twenty graves. The oldest of them date from 4900 to 4750 BC. Another sector yielded around fifteen additional Neolithic graves. Most of the deceased were adorned with pendants and bracelets composed of small limestone or mother-of-pearl beads. One of them was wearing two stone ring-disks.
 |
| Neolithic burial unearthed at Obernai (Bas-Rhin), 2013 [Credit: © Denis Gliksman, Inrap] |
2160 years ago: a Gallic farm
To the north of the site, the remains of a Gallic farm were found. It is composed of a 8000 m2 enclosure with an unusual plan; it has two doors built into its corners, one of which is covered with a monumental porch. Inside the enclosure, there are building remains, storage pits and many artefacts from the Final La Tene period (150 to 130 BC). These artefacts (fibulae, glass ornaments, pottery, amphorae, coins, etc.) show the importance of this farm and the wealth of its owner.
 |
| Two children and several dogs at the bottom of a silo, dated between 450 and 350 BCE, Obernai (Bas-Rhin), 2013 [Credit: © Denis Gliksman, Inrap] |
The discovery of human skull fragments, weapons and a few burials of children and animals, across the entire site, suggests a religious context, and perhaps even the presence of a sanctuary. One pit in particular yielded umbo shields with marks made by strikes.
These data and the location of this establishment at the border between Mediomatrici and Rauraque populations make this site one of the most important for this period in Alsace.
Around 1650 years ago: peoples from the East
Archaeologists and physical anthropologists have studied a Merovingian necropolis composed of eighteen graves orientated west-east, following the ritual of the period. Objects were found in four tombs, including three silver earrings. The richest of the deceased was wearing two small gold pins that were holding a piece of clothing or a veil on her chest.
 |
| Roman sandstone column, Obernai (Bas-Rhin), 2013 [Credit: © Clement Feliu, Inrap] |
In addition to the grave goods, the eastern origin of the individuals is shown by the presence of a deformed skull. During the Merovingian period, this practice was first associated with the Huns, the famous ethnic group of central Asia. The intentional deformation required the use of wooden planks or ties that bound the head from a very young age.
 |
| An archaeologist of the National Institute of Preventive Archaeological Researches (Inrap) presents a 5th century triangular comb made with deer antler in the 5th century, Obernai (Bas-Rhin), 2013 [Credit: AFP/Frederick Florin] |
The Obernai necropolis is one of the few large groups of discovered in France. It is the first evidence of the presence of an eastern community over a long period of time in Alsace at the end of the Roman Empire.
Southwest To Skaftafell
On closer inspection you'll see that the rock isn't a rock at all. It's made from styrofoam. And the abandoned fortification has been built for a never-completed movie.
Norwegian Vikings purchased silk from Persia
The Vikings did not only go West to pillage and plunder. Most of the
silk found in the Oseberg ship may have been purchased by honest means
from Persia.
The Norwegian Vikings were more oriented towards the East than we have
previously assumed, says Marianne Vedeler, Associate Professor at the
Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo in Norway. After four
years of in-depth investigation of the silk trade of the Viking Age, she
may change our perceptions of the history of the Norwegian Vikings. The
silk trade was far more comprehensive than we have hitherto assumed.
The Norwegian Vikings maintained trade connections with Persia and the Byzantine Empire. A network of traders from a variety of places and cultures brought the silk to the Nordic countries. Her details are presented in the book “Silk for the Vikings”, to be published by Oxbow publishers this winter, but in this article you can glimpse some of her key findings.
In the Oseberg ship, which was excavated nearly a hundred years ago, more than one hundred small silk fragments were found. This is the oldest find of Viking Age silk in Norway.
At the time when the Oseberg silk was discovered, nobody conceived that it could have been imported from Persia. It was generally believed that most of it had been looted from churches and monasteries in England and Ireland.
Lots of Viking silk
Since the Oseberg excavation, silk from the Viking Age has been found in several locations in the Nordic countries. The last finding was made two years ago at Ness in Hamaroy municipality, Nordland county. Other Norwegian findings of silk from the Viking Age include Gokstad in Vestfold county, Sandanger in the Sunnmore district and Nedre Haugen in Ostfold county.
The highest number of burial sites containing silk from the Viking Age have been found at Birka in the Uppland region, a few miles west of Stockholm.
– Even though Birka has the highest number of burial sites containing silk, there are no other places where so much and such varied silk has been found in a single burial site as in Oseberg, says Marianne Vedeler to the research magazine Apollon.
In Oseberg alone, silk from fifteen different textiles, as well as embroideries and tablet-woven silk and wool bands were discovered. Many of the silk pieces had been cut into thin strips and used for articles of clothing. The textiles had been imported, while the tablet-woven bands most likely were made locally from imported silk thread.
Marianne Vedeler has collected information on silk and its trade in the Nordic countries. She has also studied manuscripts on silk production and trade along the Russian rivers as well as in Byzantium and Persia.
– When seeing it all in its totality, it’s more logical to assume that most of the silk was purchased in the East, rather than being looted from the British Isles.
Waterways
Vedeler believes that in the Viking Age, silk was imported from two main areas. One was Byzantium, meaning in and around Constantinople, or Miklagard, which was the Vikings’ name for present-day Istanbul. The other large core area was Persia.
The silk may have been brought northwards along different routes.
– One possibility is from the South through Central Europe and onwards to Norway, but I believe that most of the silk came by way of the Russian rivers Dnepr and Volga.
The Dnepr was the main route to Constantinople, while the Volga leads to the Caspian Sea. The river trade routes were extremely dangerous and difficult. One of the sources describes the laborious journey along the Dnepr to Constantinople.
– A band of traders joined up in Kiev. Along the river they were attacked by dangerous tribesmen. They needed to pass through rapids and cataracts. Then, slaves had to carry their boat.
Persian patterns
On the basis of the silk that has been found, there are indications that more silk came to Norway from Persia than from Constantinople.
– Large amounts of the Oseberg silk have patterns from the Persian Empire. This silk is woven using a technique called samitum, a sophisticated Oriental weaving method. Many of the silk motifs can be linked to religious motifs from Central Asia.
Another pattern depicts a shahrokh, a bird that has a very specific meaning in Persian mythology; it represents a royal blessing. In the Persian myth, the shahrokh bird is the messenger that brings the blessing to a selected prince. In a dream, the bird visits the prince holding a tiara, a tall head adornment, in its beak. The prince then wakes up and knows that he is the chosen one. The image of the imperial bird was popular not only in silk weaving, but also in other art forms in Persia. The motif gained widespread popularity in Persian art.
– It’s an amusing paradox that silk textiles with such religious and mythological images were highly prized and used in heathen burial sites in the Nordic countries as well as in European churches.
Exclusive
In the Orient, silk was essential for symbolizing power and strength. There was an entire hierarchy of different silk qualities and patterns reserved for civil servants and royalty.
Even though silk was a prominent status symbol for the Vikings, they failed to get their hands on the best silk.
– Most likely, the bulk of the silk imported to Scandinavia was of medium or below-medium quality.
In Byzantium, major restrictions were imposed on the sale of silk to foreign lands. The punishment for illegal sale of silk was draconian. The Persian lands also imposed strict restrictions on the sale and production of silk.
In Byzantium, it was illegal to buy more silk than what could be bought for the price of a horse. A foreign trader was allowed to buy silk for ten numismata, while the price of a horse was twelve numismata.
– However, several trade agreements that have been preserved show that traders from the North nevertheless had special trade privileges in Byzantium.
Silk was not only a trade commodity. Certain types of silk were reserved for diplomatic gifts to foreign countries, as described in Byzantine as well as Persian sources. In Europe, silk became especially popular for wrapping sacred relics in churches.
– Some of the silk found in Norway may be gifts or spoils of war, but archaeological as well as written sources indicate that silk was traded in the Nordic countries.
– So the Vikings were more honest than has been assumed?
– We may safely assume that the Vikings engaged in trade, plunder, exchange of gifts and diplomatic relations in equal measure.
A possible example of loot found in the Oseberg ship is a piece of silk with an image of a cross.
– This was long before the introduction of Christianity. The silk piece may have been sewn locally, but it is also highly likely that it was purloined from an Irish church.
Possibly China
At Gokstad, thin strips of hammered gold wrapped around silk threads were among the findings.
– These threads are highly exclusive. We do not know their origin, but we suspect that they may have come from even further east, in the direction of China, says Vedeler, who will now travel to China to find out more.
As yet, Vedeler must draw conclusions regarding the origin of the silk by investigating weaving technologies and patterns. With time, she wishes to make use of a new method which is being developed at the University of Copenhagen and which will be able to reveal the geographic origin of artifacts.
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| Silk textiles from the Persian region were found in the Oseberg ship. Among the motifs, we can see parts of special birds associated with Persian mythology, combined with clover-leaf axes, a Zoroastrian symbol taken from the Zodiac. The textiles have been cut into thin strips and used for adornment on clothing. Similar strips have also been found in other Viking Age burial sites [Credit: KHM- UiO] |
The Norwegian Vikings maintained trade connections with Persia and the Byzantine Empire. A network of traders from a variety of places and cultures brought the silk to the Nordic countries. Her details are presented in the book “Silk for the Vikings”, to be published by Oxbow publishers this winter, but in this article you can glimpse some of her key findings.
In the Oseberg ship, which was excavated nearly a hundred years ago, more than one hundred small silk fragments were found. This is the oldest find of Viking Age silk in Norway.
At the time when the Oseberg silk was discovered, nobody conceived that it could have been imported from Persia. It was generally believed that most of it had been looted from churches and monasteries in England and Ireland.
Lots of Viking silk
Since the Oseberg excavation, silk from the Viking Age has been found in several locations in the Nordic countries. The last finding was made two years ago at Ness in Hamaroy municipality, Nordland county. Other Norwegian findings of silk from the Viking Age include Gokstad in Vestfold county, Sandanger in the Sunnmore district and Nedre Haugen in Ostfold county.
The highest number of burial sites containing silk from the Viking Age have been found at Birka in the Uppland region, a few miles west of Stockholm.
– Even though Birka has the highest number of burial sites containing silk, there are no other places where so much and such varied silk has been found in a single burial site as in Oseberg, says Marianne Vedeler to the research magazine Apollon.
In Oseberg alone, silk from fifteen different textiles, as well as embroideries and tablet-woven silk and wool bands were discovered. Many of the silk pieces had been cut into thin strips and used for articles of clothing. The textiles had been imported, while the tablet-woven bands most likely were made locally from imported silk thread.
Marianne Vedeler has collected information on silk and its trade in the Nordic countries. She has also studied manuscripts on silk production and trade along the Russian rivers as well as in Byzantium and Persia.
– When seeing it all in its totality, it’s more logical to assume that most of the silk was purchased in the East, rather than being looted from the British Isles.
Waterways
Vedeler believes that in the Viking Age, silk was imported from two main areas. One was Byzantium, meaning in and around Constantinople, or Miklagard, which was the Vikings’ name for present-day Istanbul. The other large core area was Persia.
The silk may have been brought northwards along different routes.
– One possibility is from the South through Central Europe and onwards to Norway, but I believe that most of the silk came by way of the Russian rivers Dnepr and Volga.
The Dnepr was the main route to Constantinople, while the Volga leads to the Caspian Sea. The river trade routes were extremely dangerous and difficult. One of the sources describes the laborious journey along the Dnepr to Constantinople.
– A band of traders joined up in Kiev. Along the river they were attacked by dangerous tribesmen. They needed to pass through rapids and cataracts. Then, slaves had to carry their boat.
Persian patterns
On the basis of the silk that has been found, there are indications that more silk came to Norway from Persia than from Constantinople.
– Large amounts of the Oseberg silk have patterns from the Persian Empire. This silk is woven using a technique called samitum, a sophisticated Oriental weaving method. Many of the silk motifs can be linked to religious motifs from Central Asia.
Another pattern depicts a shahrokh, a bird that has a very specific meaning in Persian mythology; it represents a royal blessing. In the Persian myth, the shahrokh bird is the messenger that brings the blessing to a selected prince. In a dream, the bird visits the prince holding a tiara, a tall head adornment, in its beak. The prince then wakes up and knows that he is the chosen one. The image of the imperial bird was popular not only in silk weaving, but also in other art forms in Persia. The motif gained widespread popularity in Persian art.
– It’s an amusing paradox that silk textiles with such religious and mythological images were highly prized and used in heathen burial sites in the Nordic countries as well as in European churches.
Exclusive
In the Orient, silk was essential for symbolizing power and strength. There was an entire hierarchy of different silk qualities and patterns reserved for civil servants and royalty.
Even though silk was a prominent status symbol for the Vikings, they failed to get their hands on the best silk.
– Most likely, the bulk of the silk imported to Scandinavia was of medium or below-medium quality.
In Byzantium, major restrictions were imposed on the sale of silk to foreign lands. The punishment for illegal sale of silk was draconian. The Persian lands also imposed strict restrictions on the sale and production of silk.
In Byzantium, it was illegal to buy more silk than what could be bought for the price of a horse. A foreign trader was allowed to buy silk for ten numismata, while the price of a horse was twelve numismata.
– However, several trade agreements that have been preserved show that traders from the North nevertheless had special trade privileges in Byzantium.
Silk was not only a trade commodity. Certain types of silk were reserved for diplomatic gifts to foreign countries, as described in Byzantine as well as Persian sources. In Europe, silk became especially popular for wrapping sacred relics in churches.
– Some of the silk found in Norway may be gifts or spoils of war, but archaeological as well as written sources indicate that silk was traded in the Nordic countries.
– So the Vikings were more honest than has been assumed?
– We may safely assume that the Vikings engaged in trade, plunder, exchange of gifts and diplomatic relations in equal measure.
A possible example of loot found in the Oseberg ship is a piece of silk with an image of a cross.
– This was long before the introduction of Christianity. The silk piece may have been sewn locally, but it is also highly likely that it was purloined from an Irish church.
Possibly China
At Gokstad, thin strips of hammered gold wrapped around silk threads were among the findings.
– These threads are highly exclusive. We do not know their origin, but we suspect that they may have come from even further east, in the direction of China, says Vedeler, who will now travel to China to find out more.
As yet, Vedeler must draw conclusions regarding the origin of the silk by investigating weaving technologies and patterns. With time, she wishes to make use of a new method which is being developed at the University of Copenhagen and which will be able to reveal the geographic origin of artifacts.
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Fourteen-year old Nirmala Toppo has
become something of a celebrity in the eastern Indian state of Orissa.
As panic gripped the industrial city of Rourkela when a herd
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State forest department officials sought help from Nirmala, who is
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managed to make the herd go into the local football stadium, but we were
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sure how we could drive them back to the forest. It was a difficult
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elephants and
was able to drive them back. We called up her father and she arrived
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some other tribal people from her village." The state government paid
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Nirmala says she talks to the herd in her local tribal dialect -
Mundaari -
and persuades the animals to "return to where they belong". "First I
pray and then talk to the herd. They understand what I say. I tell
them this is not your home. You should return where you belong," says
Nirmala
who is a Roman Catholic. Her mother, she says, was killed by wild
elephants and that was when she
decided to learn the technique to drive them away. In her work, she is
assisted by her father and a group of boys from her
village. "We surround the herd. Then I go near them and pray and talk to
them." But some are not convinced by Nirmala's methods. Orissa-based
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evidence that wild elephants can understand what a human says. Mr
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the girl claims to talk to the herd in her own tribal language, but
there is no
basis for the elephants to follow what she says.
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elephants - or for that matter, other wild animals - have been cohabiting in the
forests for ages. Niel Justin Beck, a member of the district council in Jharkhand's Simdega
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marauding elephants
enter a village or destroys crops, the local forest department officials
never
turn up. It is then that the villagers approach Nirmala for help. And
she is able to
successfully drive away the herd after talking to them." More than 3,000
elephants roam the forests of the three states of Jharkhand,
Orissa and Chhattisgarh, stretching across central and eastern India,
but over
the past decade the region has become the epicenter of man-animal
conflict. According to the ministry of environment and forests, more
than 200 elephants
and some 800 people have been killed in the last 10 years.
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