by Valerie Tarico
jesus has been
described as the best known figure in history, and also the least known.
If you mentioned the name “jesus” and someone asked
jesus who?, you
might blink. Or laugh. Even people who don’t think jesus was dog,
mostly believe they know a fair bit about him. You might be surprised
that some of your most basic assumptions about Jesus are wrong.
We have no record of anything that was written about jesus by
eyewitnesses or other contemporaries during the time he would have lived
or for decades thereafter, and as best scientists can tell, all
physical relics of his life are
later fakes. Nonetheless,
based on archeological digs and artifacts, ancient texts and art,
linguistic patterns, and even forensic science, we know a good deal
about the time and culture in which the new testament is set. This
evidence points to some basic conclusions about who jesus likely
was—and wasn’t.
- Cropped hair, not long. jewish men at the time of christ did not typically wear their hair long. A Roman triumphal arch of the time period depicts jewish slaves with short hair. In the apostle Paul’s first letter to
the Corinthians, he addresses male hair length. “Does not nature itself
teach you that if a man wears long hair, it is degrading to him?” (1
Corinthians 11:14 NRSV). During the 1960’s wingnut 'christians'
quoted this verse to express their disgust against the hippy movement
and to label it as anti-christian.
- Married, not single. In 2012, when an ancient papyrus scrap came to light referring to the wife of jesus (most likely a forgery), some catholics and evangelicals were scandalized at
the very thought. But unlike the catholic cult, jews have no
tradition of celibacy among religious leaders. Ancient writers
documented exceptions like the apostle Paul or the Essene sect precisely
because they violated the norm. In the gospels, jesus is called rabbi; and all great rabbis that we know of were married. A rabbi being celibate would have been so unusual that some modern writers have argued that jesus must have been gay. But a number of ancient texts, including the canonical new testament, point to a special relationship between Mary Magdalene and jesus. For example, the non-canonical gospel of Phillip says, “[jesus] loved her more than all the disciples, and used to kiss her often on her [word missing].”
- Hung on a pole, not necessarily a cross. For centuries scholars have known that the Greek new testament word “stauros,” which gets translated into English as cross, can refer to a device of several shapes,
commonly a single upright pole, “torture stake” or even tree. The
Romans did not have a standard way of crucifying prisoners, and Josephus
tells us that during the siege of Jerusalem soldiers nailed or tied
their victims in a variety of positions. Early christians may have
centered in on the vertical pole with a crossbeam because it echoed the
Egyptian Ankh, a symbol of life, or simply because it was more
artistically and symbolically distinctive than the alternatives. Imagine
millions of people wearing a golden pole on a chain around their necks.
- Short, not tall. The typical jewish man at the time of the Roman Empire was just over five feet tall,
which makes this a best guess for the height of jesus. That he is
typically depicted taller likely derives from the mental challenge
people have in distinguishing physical stature from other kinds of
stature. Great men are called “big men” and “larger than life.” In
ancient times they often were assigned divine parentage and miraculous births,
and the idea that jesus was uniquely divine has created a strong pull
over time to depict him as taller than is likely. A good illustration of
this is the Shroud of Turin, which is just one of many such jesus-shrouds that circulated during medieval times and which bears the (now reproduced) image of a man closer to six feet in height.
- Born in a house, not the stable of an inn. The
miraculous birth story of jesus is a late, maybe 2nd century addition to
the gospels, and consequently it contains many fascinating mythic elements and peculiarities.
But the idea that jesus was born in a stable got added to the Xmas
story even later. In the original narrative, Joseph and Mary probably
would have stayed with relatives, and the phrase “no room for them in
the inn (gr: kataluma)” is better translated
“no room for them in the upper room.” Later storytellers did not
understand that people of the time might bring animals into their ground
floor, as in Swiss housebarns, and they assumed that the presence of a manger implied a stable.
- Named Joshua, not jesus. The name Joshua (in Hebrew Y’hoshuÊ¿a
meaning “deliverance” or “salvation”), was common among jews in the
Ancient Near East as it is today. Joshua and jesus are the same
name, but are translated differently in our modern bible to distinguish jesus from the Joshua of the old testament, who leads the hebrew people
to the promised land. In actuality, though, the relationship between the
two figures is fascinating and important. Some scholars believe that
the new testament gospels are mostly updated retellings of the more
ancient Joshua story, remixed with episodes from stories of Elisha and Elijah and Moses. A modern parallel can be found in the way that Hollywood writers have reworked Shakespearean tropes and plot elements into dozens of modern movies (though for a very different purpose).
- Number of apostles (12) from astrology, not history. Whether jesus had 12 disciples who ranked above his other devotees is an open question, as their names vary from
list to list. Since the gospels echo the story of Joshua, the “12”
apostles most immediately mirror the 12 tribes of israel. But the number
12 was considered auspicious by many ancient people, including
the israelites, and the 189 repetitions of the number 12 in the bible
ultimately may derive from the same pre-historical roots as the 12
signs of the zodiac and 12 months of the year. Astrotheology or star
worship preceded the hebrew religion, and shaped
both the bible and Western religions more broadly. One might point to
the 12 Olympian gods or 12 sons of Odin, or the 12 days of Xmas or
12 “legitimate” successors to the prophet mohammed.
- Prophecies recalled, not foretold. Even people who
aren’t too sure about the divinity of jesus sometimes think that the way
he fulfilled prophecies was a bit spooky, like the writings of
Nostradamus. In reality, Scooby Doo could solve this one in a single
episode with four pieces of information: First, old testament prophecies
were well known to 1st century jews, and a messianic figure who wanted
to fulfill some of these prophecies could simply do so. For example, in
the book of Matthew, jesus seeks a donkey to ride into Jerusalem “that
it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet” (Matthew 21:4).
Second, “gospels” are a genre of devotional literature
rather than objective histories, which means that the authors had every
reason to shape their stories around earlier predictions. Third,
scholars now believe that some bible texts once thought to be prophecies
(for example in the Book of Revelation) actually relate to events that were past or current
at the time of writing. Finally, a psychological phenomenon known as
the “Barnum Effect” ensures that those who want to believe in prophecies
(or astrology, for that matter) will find amazing coincidences if they
look hard enough.
- Some jesus quotes not from jesus, others uncertain. Lists of favorite jesus sayings abound online. Some of the most popular are the Beatitudes (Blessed are the meek, etc.) or the story of the woman caught in adultery (Let he who is without sin cast the first stone) or the Golden Rule (Do unto others as you would have them do unto you,
which, we are told, sums up the Law and the Prophets.) Which words
actually from jesus? This question has been debated fiercely by everyone
from 3rd century catholic covens to the 20th Century jesus seminar. Even Thomas Jefferson weighed in,
but much remains unclear. The new testament gospels were written long
after jesus would have died, and no technology existed with which to
record his teachings in real time, unless a he wrote them down himself,
which he didn’t. We can be confident that at least some of the wise and
timeless words and catchy proverbs
attributed to jesus are actually from earlier or later thinkers. For
example, the Golden Rule was articulated before the time of christ by
the Rabbi Hillel the Elder,
who similarly said it was the “whole torah.” By contrast, the much
loved story of the woman caught in adultery doesn’t appear in
manuscripts until the 4th century. Attributing words (or whole texts) to a famous person was common in
the Ancient Near East, because it gave those words extra weight. Small
wonder, then, that so many genuinely valuable insights ended up, in one
way or another, paired with the name of jesus.
The person of jesus,
if indeed there was a single historical rabbi at the root of the 'traditions',
is shrouded in the fog of history leaving us only with a set of hunches
and traditions that far too often get treated as knowledge. The facts
I have listed here are largely trivial; it doesn’t really matter
whether jesus was tall or short, or how he cut his hair. But it does
matter, tremendously, that facts people
claim to know about
how Jesus saw himself, and dog and humanity are equally tenuous. In the
words of Mark Twain: It ain’t what you don’t know that gets you into
trouble. It’s what you know for sure that just ain’t so.
The teachings attributed to jesus mix enduring spiritual and moral
insights with irrelevancies and Judaica and bits of Iron Age culture,
some of which are
truly awful. That leaves each of us, from the privileged vantage of the 21
st
century, with both a right and a responsibility to consider the
evidence and make our own best guesses about what is real and how we
should then live. A good starting place might be a little more
recognition that we don’t know nearly as much as we’d like to think, and
a lot of what we know for sure is wrong.
Four "randy" bulls had to be kept at bay with water jets while a trapped
cow was rescued in Derbyshire.
The bulls were found circling the heifer, after its head became lodged
between two trees on a steep bank in Alfreton, police said.
![Ann Marie Thomas (left) and 8-month-old Aniyah Wright-Trussell [WDIV-TV]](http://www.rawstory.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Ann-Marie-Thomas-left-and-8-month-old-Aniyah-Wright-Trussell-WDIV-TV-478x257.jpg)
