For one, canines shun people who are mean to their owners, a new study says.
A fly
fisherman and his golden retriever enjoy the Provo River in Utah.
Canines, emerging research suggests, are more like humans than we ever
imagined.
It's likely no surprise to dog owners, but
growing research suggests that man's best friend often acts more human
than canine.
Dogs can read facial expressions, communicate jealousy, display empathy, and even watch TV, studies have shown. They've picked up these people-like traits during their evolution from wolves to domesticated pets, which occurred between 11,000 and 16,000 years ago, experts say.
In particular, "paying attention to us, getting along with us, [and]
tolerating us" has led to particular characteristics that often mirror
ours, says Laurie Santos, director of the Yale Comparative Cognition Laboratory.
A pug
watches humans in Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park in Alaska.
are
very observant of their owners' interactions with other people, new
research suggests.
Eavesdropping Dogs
Social eavesdropping—or people-watching—is central to human social
interactions, since it allows us to figure out who's nice and who's
mean.
In a new study, scientists tested 54 dogs that each watched their
owners struggle to retrieve a roll of tape from a container. The dogs
were divided into three groups: Helper, non-helper, and control.
In the helper group, the owner requested help from another person who
held the container. In the non-helper group, the owner asked for help
from a person who turned their back on them. In the control group, the
additional person turned his or her back without being asked for help.
In all experiments, a third "neutral" person sat in the room.
After the first round of experiments, the neutral person and the helper or non-helper both offered treats to the dog.
In the non-helper group, canines most frequently favored the neutral
person's treat, shunning the non-helper. However, in the helper group,
the dogs did not favor either the neutral or helper's treat. Scientists
have previously observed similar results in human infants and tufted
capuchin monkeys.
So are dogs taking sides by ignoring the people who are mean to their owners? Only future research will tell.
Made You Look
Gaze following is instinctual for many animals—including humans,
chimps, goats, dolphins, and even the red-footed tortoise—because it
alerts animals to everything from immediate threats to "a particularly
tasty berry bush," says Lisa Wallis, a doctoral student at the Messerli Research Institute in Vienna, Austria.
Dogs were previously thought to only follow human gazes when it
involved food and toys. Now, a new study suggests dogs also follow human
gazes into space—but only if they're untrained.
"We know they should be able to do it," says Wallis, leader of the research published in August in the journal Animal Behaviour, but training was the "missing piece of the puzzle."
In recent experiments, Wallis and her colleagues recruited 145 pet
border collies with a range of training levels and ages. The researchers
wanted to see if age, habituation, or training influenced the dog's
tendency to follow a human's gaze.
Wallis then observed the dogs' reactions as she gazed toward a door.
Surprisingly, only the untrained border collies followed her gaze—the
trained animals ignored it. That may be because trained dogs learn to
focus on a person's face, and not where the person is looking.
When Wallis and colleagues spent just five minutes teaching the
untrained dogs to look at her face, they began ignoring the instinct to
follow her gaze.
Even more surprising is that the untrained dogs often glanced back
and forth between her and the door, baffled at what she was looking at.
The behavior, only seen before in humans and chimps, is called "check
backs" or "double looking," she said.
"It's a lesson for us all that we should always examine whether training has an effect in these types of studies," says Wallis.
Next Steps in Dog Research
In humans, aging hastens declines in short-term memory and logical
reasoning skills, making it more difficult to learn new tasks.
Previous research has found similar declines in dogs, but long-term memory is a little-known aspect of dog biology.
That's why Wallis and colleagues are studying how dogs both young and
old memorize tasks, and whether the animals can remember them months
later.
The results are still in the works, but Wallis expects to discover
that it's tough—but not impossible—to teach old dogs new tricks.
