by Eddie Deezen
A
great paradox, isn't it? Those movie scenes from future films they
always show before the actual film is shown are called "trailers.” But
why?
The first ever movie trailer was screened at Rye Beach, a
New York area amusement park in 1912. Lou Harris, a Paramount executive,
was quoted in the
L.A. Times on October 25, 1966, regarding this historic incident:
“One
of the concessions hung up a white sheet and showed the serial
Adventures of Kathlyn. At the end of the reel Kathlyn was thrown in the
lion's den. After this ‘trailed’ a piece of film asking ‘does she escape
the lion's pit? See next week's thrilling chapter!’ Hence, the word
‘trailer,’ an advertisement for a coming picture.”
These
earliest future glimpses were actually screened after the featured
films and thus were dubbed "trailers.” Hollywood now calls these brief
scenes "previews" or "previews of coming attractions.” “Trailer" is,
however, still the preferred term in the industry.
The early days of movies were quite a bit different from what we accustomed to today. Movies were not one film i.e.
Casablanca, Grease, The Avengers or
The Wizard of Oz.
Early
films were more like a vaudeville show. Several different, and very
short, films, were shown over and over. A wide variety of films each
lasting a few minutes, were shown on a continuous loop. Unlike today,
where we all arrive before the start of the main film, patrons could
enter the theater at any time and stay as long as they wanted.
In
cinema's early days, "chasers" were actually employed by theaters.
These were literally men hired to "chase" the lazy stragglers who just
wanted to hang around inside the theaters and watch these same movies
again and again out of the theaters. Of course, this was not only a
"fair is fair" matter, but a financial decision. Getting rid of the
stragglers meant more empty seats for patrons at the next film showing.
An entry for the word "trailer" in the
Oxford English Dictionary provides quotes showing the word used in the sense meaning "promotional clips" from as far back as 1928. The
New York Times of June 2, 1917, described the U.S. campaign to sell war bonds:
A
committee of the national association of motion picture industry
yesterday began sending films known as trailers (advertising the bonds)
to all of the 15,000 or more movie theaters in the U.S. are 70 feet in
length and will be attached to longer films that will be shown at every
performance.
Film scholar Lisa Kernan, in her 2004 book
Coming Attractions: Reading American Movie Trailers says:
The
National Screen Service, in 1919, began making crude 35mm film ads from
transferred film stills (without the studios permission) and sold them
to exhibitors to run following the films.
By the 1930's, movie trailers had evolved
into a semi-art form of its own. Taken beyond simple newsreels and
actual brief movie clips, they now often included animation, narration,
and musical scores. Sometimes the trailers would include a personal plug
from one of the film's stars or even someone who didn't even appear in
the film. Also by this time, someone had the brainstorm to still include
the "trailers," but put them on before the main film, not after.
Another
major change has occurred in recent years. Instead of the for years
usual of one or two trailers shown before the main film, in recent
times, we have all grown accustomed to seeing as many as six, seven or
eight trailers. (I hate them myself, I’d just rather just see the film,
but most people I talk to seem to enjoy them and don't mind.) This is a
matter of the studios not only hyping their products, but giving us "our
money's worth" in time.
From the 1930's on into 1960's and
beyond, cartoons and/or newsreels were shown before a film, then maybe
one trailer or two. Popeye, Mickey Mouse, and best of all, those
wonderful Warner Bros. cartoons would be shown before the main
attraction.
Even better, actual shorts, like the Three Stooges,
would often be shown before the feature. (The Three Stooges were so
popular in the 1930's and 40's, Columbia Studios would often only be
able to sell their features on the condition of including a new Stooges
short with it.)
Gradually over the years, the cartoons, shorts
and newsreels were gradually phased out and more and more trailers were
added. We get the illusion that we are being "entertained" as by a
cartoon, but all we are actually seeing is a two or three minutes of
future film clips.
