From the
scattered remnants, Ireland’s oldest oak trees are being revived as part
of a global initiative to propagate the DNA of ancient woodland
Down towards Gougán Barra, where the remote wilds of west Cork meet the
gentle slopes of the Lee valley, Ted Cook’s home seems like a relic
from a forgotten era.
A pheasant keeps sentry out front, unperturbed by visitors. Behind the
gate, the grassy driveway looks like it hasn’t seen a car in a
generation, if ever. It’s a sylvan idyll, nestling snugly in about an
acre of mixed woodland.
Yet this quiet corner of Kilbarry, Co Cork, so rustic that you half
expect Hansel and Gretel to come bounding down with cookies (five
kittens do emerge), is at the cutting edge of an international campaign
to help save Ireland’s forests.
At Cook’s house, in unprepossessing boxes, lie no ordinary trees. They
are oaks. Moreover, these are no ordinary oaks. They contain the precise
DNA of the last remaining aboriginal native sessile and common oaks
around Ireland. In the US, where they were grown, they were grafted on
to root stalks before being sent on to Holland and imported back home.
“The Archangel Project sent tree surgeons up to the tops of about 130
of all the oldest trees in Ireland,” says Cook, who co-founded the first
community NGO in Ireland, the Macroom District Environmental Group, in
1984.
“The tops of these tree grafts are from the ancient oaks, and hazels,
holly, and yew, which are all considered primary, in that they were
never planted. I have them here now since early springtime. You could
call them clones; we call it grafting.
“The best oaks I have that aren’t planted yet are the potted oaks from the Brian Boru,
” he says, referring to a huge live oak in Raheen, near Scarriff, Co
Clare. It was reputed to have been planted by its namesake a millennium
ago.
The saplings seem to be glowing with health, a bit like Cook himself,
who is a sort of Gandalf figure and a repository of varied subjects,
natural and supernatural, historic and prehistoric.He shows more
saplings, these cut from the King Oak tree in Offaly, and also holly cut
from the largest holly tree in Ireland (more than 8m in circumference),
in Killarney.
The oak saplings have come via the Archangel Project, a worldwide
effort to propagate the DNA of ancient forests, from ancient Ireland to
ancient Greece.
As the oaks are direct descendants of the ancient Irish forests that
flourished after the Ice Age, they contain the genetic material best
equipped to thrive on our shores.
“We want to help Ireland reforest itself,” says project co-founder
David Milarch, on the phone from Michigan. “It’s imperative to reforest
the planet, and it makes sense to use the oldest, most iconic trees that
ever lived.”
Californian redwoods
Last year, in a sort of tree version of
Jurassic Park
(Jurassic Bark?), Milarch sent genetic duplicates of giant Californian
redwoods, cut down 100 years ago, to the Woodland League’s Andrew St
Ledger in Feakle, Co Clare.
“The aim was to establish the sequoias in Ireland, should their natural
habitat grow too hot as the climate changes,” says St Ledger. A wood
sculptor from Dublin, he settled in Clare to be near ancient oak woods.
“I started questioning, when I was younger: where are our forests?”
In their bid to revive aboriginal trees, St Ledger and Cook gather
seeds from the final vestiges of virgin Irish forest. “We prefer seeds
to grafting,” says St Ledger. “Myself and Ted have grown trees from
acorns from the Brian Boru, but older trees don’t always produce viable
seed.”
Scattered in tiny pockets around the country are the remnants of the
post- glacial wild wood that covered much of Ireland for 9,000 years.
Due to repeated clear-felling following the Norman invasions, this
unique resource now covers just 0.02 per cent of the country.
From these wooded remnants, the Woodland League hope to gather a seed
bank. Together with their scientific adviser, botanist Diana
Beresford-Kroeger, they are preparing a next year to urge communities to
collect native tree seeds across Ireland, for future planting.
“These are trees that have evolved to deal with the consequences of
climate change in a way that non-native species cannot do,” says St
Ledger. “Having been in the one place for 1,000 years, they have
remarkable DNA, adapted to this biozone. Each native tree has developed
unique relationships with insects, mammals, plants and fungi.”
One source of this seed capital is the Gearagh (from Gaoire, or wooded
river), a vast flooded plain near Macroom, Co Cork. Its small wooded
pockets are all that remain of 600 acres of alluvial oak and ash forest,
felled in 1954 prior to the Lee hydroelectic project.
Today, at low water, the Gearagh is an eerie oak graveyard, with tree
stumps visible above the waterline. In one corner, at Toon Bridge, we
find oak, holly and hazel, crabapple, wild cherry, bird cherry and, a
rarity, buckthorn. “Before the ESB’s clear-felling there was also yew,
which along with the salmon, never returned,” says Cook. “The yew is an
important component of the wild wood.”
It’s tiny, just a few acres, but the Gearagh is western Europe’s largest extant aboriginal alluvial oak forest.
Just 10 per cent of our land is covered in trees, a fraction of the EU average, which is 37 per cent. Most of it is owned by Coillte.
As a commercial operator charged with making the State a profit,
Coillte’s aims naturally diverge from those of the Woodland League,
which seeks to revive our native species.
Coillte says new planting is a policy decision for Government. Recently
the Department of Agriculture announced its own new Forestry Programme
2014-2020. Designed to encourage more commercial logging, it also talks
of conserving native woodlands, and, “where appropriate”, converting
from conifer to native species.
Authentic landscape
With the UN’s IPCC advocating, in its fifth report, tree-planting to
counter the ravages of climate change in Ireland and elsewhere, the
Woodland League wants a long-term forest plan, not more logging.
“The actual percentage of native trees in Ireland is quite low, it’s
around 1 per cent,” says St Ledger. “The authentic landscape of Ireland
is western Atlantic temperate rainforest, dominated by oak. Most Coillte
plantations are tree farms. Our hills are covered with exotic conifers
that basically acidify the soil, don’t provide much of a haven for
wildlife, and deny Irish people their cultural heritage.
“The Government have done little. They restored 13 native woodland
sites that were on their property, through EU funding. Bravo. But we
would say there’s no long-term management plan to secure them.”
With official policy in their view lacking, the group focuses on
small-scale communal planting, usually with schools. One successful
example is the “treestoration” of a former quarry in Broadford, Co
Limerick, that had been used as a dump. Willow was used to clean up oil
slicks, while native yew trees helped to deal with the asbestos. Today
it is home to over more than species, plus a 30ft canopy.
“We are optimistic our native forests will return,” says St Ledger.
“It will be a slow process and will have to be mostly achieved by the
people themselves. We are a forest people without a forest. But not
forever.”
