Scientists have mapped how a group of fearsome, massive dinosaurs
evolved and shrank to the likes of robins and hummingbirds.
Comparing
fossils of 120 different species and 1,500 skeletal features,
especially thigh bones, researchers constructed a detailed family tree
for the class of two-legged meat-eaters called theropods. That suborder
of dinos survives to this day as birds, however unrecognizable and
improbable it sounds.
The steady downsizing and elegant evolution of the theropods is detailed in the journal Science on Thursday.
"They
just kept on shrinking and shrinking and shrinking for about 50 million
years," said study author Michael S. Y. Lee of the University of
Adelaide in Australia. He called them "shape-shifters."
Lee
and colleagues created a dinosaur version of the iconic ape-to-man
drawing of human evolution. In this version, the lumbering large dinos
shrink, getting more feathery and big-chested, until they are the
earliest version of birds.
For
a couple decades scientists have linked birds to this family of
dinosaurs because they shared hollow bones, wishbones, feathers and
other characteristics. But the Lee study gives the best picture of how
steady and unusual theropod evolution was. The skeletons of theropods
changed four times faster than other types of dinosaurs, the study said.
A
few members of that dino family did not shrink, including T. rex, which
is more of a distant cousin to birds than a direct ancestor, Lee said.
He
said he and colleagues were surprised by just how consistently the
theropods shrank over evolutionary time, while other types of dinosaurs
showed ups and downs in body size.
The first theropods were large,
weighing around 600 pounds. They roamed about 220 million to 230
million years ago. Then about 200 million years ago, when some of the
creatures weighed about 360 pounds, the shrinking became faster and more
prolonged, the study said. In just 25 million years, the beasts were
slimmed down to barely 100 pounds. By 167 million years ago, 6-pound
paravians, more direct ancestor of birds, were around.
And 163 million years ago the first birds, weighing less than two pounds, probably came on the scene, the study said
Paul Sereno, a dinosaur researcher at the University of Chicago who wasn't part of this study, praised Lee's work as innovative.
The
steady size reduction shows "something very strange going on," Sereno
said. "This is key to what went on at the origin of birds."
People
may think bigger is better, but sometimes when it comes to evolution
smaller can be better because bigger creatures are more likely to go
extinct, Sereno said.
And when the theropods started shrinking there weren't many other small species that would compete with them, Lee said.
"The dinosaur ancestors of birds found a new niche and a new way of life," Lee said.
Sereno added, "When you are small, it's a totally different ball game. You can fly and glide and I think that's what drove it."
