| 193 | In the Balkans, the distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum. | |
| 715 | Constantine ends his reign as Catholic Pope. | |
| 1241 | In the Battle of Liegnitz, Mongol armies defeat Poles and Germans. | |
| 1454 | The city states of Venice, Milan and Florence sign a peace agreement at Lodi, Italy. | |
| 1682 | Robert La Salle claims lower Mississippi River and all lands that touch it for France. | |
| 1731 | British Captain Robert Jenkins loses an ear to a band of Spanish brigands, starting a war between Britain and Spain: The War of Jenkins’ Ear. | |
| 1770 | Captain James Cook discovers Botany Bay on the Australian continent. | |
| 1859 | Realizing that France has encouraged the Piedmontese forces to mobilize for invading Italy, Austria begins mobilizing its army. | |
| 1865 |  |
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| 1900 | British forces route Boers at Kroonstadt, South Africa. | |
| 1916 | The German army launches its third offensive during the Battle of Verdun. | |
| 1917 | The Battle of Arras begins as Canadian troops begin a massive assault on Vimy Ridge. | |
| 1921 | Russo-Polish conflict ends with signing of the Riga Treaty. | |
| 1940 | Germany invades Norway and Denmark. | |
| 1942 | In the Battle of Bataan, American and Filipino forces are overwhelmed by the Japanese Army. | |
| 1945 | The Red Army is repulsed at the Seelow Heights on the outskirts of Berlin. | |
| 1950 | Comedian Bob Hope makes his first television appearance. | |
| 1963 | Winston Churchill becomes the first honorary U.S. citizen. | |
| 1966 | The statue of Winston Churchill is dedicated at the British Embassy in Washington, D.C. | |
| 1968 | Murdered civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., is buried. | |
| 1970 | Paul McCartney announces the official break-up of the Beatles. |
This is where my grandparents would call my brother, sister, and me back when the rush of customers slowed, to read Gurdjieff out loud or mix cinnamon sugar while reciting the poem “Desiderata.” We’d do this while making a blend, which we’d stir in an enormous metal bowl exactly 111 times. My grandfather would make us pork chops on a George Foreman grill, seasoned with some unknowable pepper mix. The air was perpetually thick with the commingling of hundreds of spices, herbs, sugars, and salts, blending into a distinctive smell that lingered on your clothing and in your hair all day. It formed thick dust motes that floated in the sunlight coming through windows.From her lifetime of experience, PenzeyMoog offers us some simple advice about using spices, which is almost as interesting as her description of growing up in The Spice Shop.
You’d think that spending a lot of time here would numb your olfactory senses, but the opposite was true. My nose learned to cut through the background smell to identify specific spices within the store—a good thing when replacing the apothecary jars with their correct lids, which is easily done when you can discern oregano from parsley and garlic from ginger.
Using a telescope at the European Southern Observatory in Chile, the researchers were able to study the planet by watching how it blocked some of the light of its host star as it passed in front of it.While the atmosphere is this particular planet is unlikely to sustain life, the bigger takeaway is how its atmosphere was detected, and the possibility that many other planets of similar size and stars could also have an atmosphere. Read more about the discovery at BBC News.
"It makes the star look a little bit fainter - and it's actually a very good way of finding transiting planets - it's how this one was found," said Dr Southworth.
But different molecules in a planet's atmosphere - if it has one - absorb light in different ways, allowing scientists to look for their chemical signatures when the world transits its star.
The observations of planet GJ 1132b suggest that it has a thick atmosphere containing either steam and/or methane.
"One possibility is that it is a 'water world' with an atmosphere of hot steam," said Dr Southworth.
