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Carolina Naturally
Carolina Naturally
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1517 | Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the door of the cult at Wittenberg in Germany. Luther’s theories and writings inaugurate Protestantism, shattering the external structure of the medieval cult and at the same time reviving the religious consciousness of Europe. | |
1803 | Congress ratifies the purchase of the entire Louisiana area in North America, adding territory to the U.S. which will eventually become 13 more states. | |
1941 | After 14 years of work, the Mount Rushmore National Memorial is completed. | |
1952 | The United States explodes the first hydrogen bomb at Enewetok Atoll in the Pacific. | |
1968 | The bombing of North Vietnam is halted by the United States. | |
1971 | Saigon begins the release of 1,938 Hanoi POWs. | |
1984 | Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated in New Delhi by two Sikh members of her bodyguard. | |
1998 | Iraq announces it will no longer cooperate with United Nations weapons inspectors. | |
1999 | EgyptAir Flight 990 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean killing all 217 people on board. | |
2000 | Soyuz TM-31 launches, carrying the first resident crew to the International Space Station. | |
2002 | Former Enron Corp. CEO Andrew Fastow is convicted on 78 counts of conspiracy, money laundering, obstruction of justice and wire fraud; the Enron collapse cost investors millions and led to new oversight legislation. |
Polcyn’s work describes one female body discovered with a sickle across her pelvis, a rock on her neck and a coin in her mouth. Four other bodies were found with sickles strewn across their throats. While Polcyn said in one study that sickles have been discovered in excavations in other countries like Slovakia before, burials with sickles across the throat are rare during this period. He says the practice could corroborate with historical knowledge of folk tales and beliefs about creatures that rise from the dead to commit evil deeds and bring misfortune to the living.So then the burial practices had to be adapted to accommodate some of those older beliefs. Not everyone had the potential to rise again as a vampire, and there were some clues in the living to indicate who might. Read more about the excavation and what we've learned from it at Smithsonian.
“Throughout the world, people believe that sharp tools, iron—anything that was created by fire, by hammering, had anti-demonic properties,” Polcyn says.
Some of the earliest beliefs surrounding vampires came on the heels of the conversion of Slavic people to Christianity sometime between the 7th and 9th centuries, says Christopher Caes, a lecturer in Polish at Columbia University who has taught classes on Slavic vampires. Before Christianity, Slavs predominantly cremated their dead, in the belief that a person’s soul would only be released with the burning of their body. When missionaries converted them, the new practice of burying the dead would have horrified some.
1270 | The Seventh Crusade ends by the Treaty of Barbary. | |
1485 | Henry VII of England is crowned. | |
1697 | The Treaty of Ryswick ends the war between France and the Grand Alliance. | |
1838 | Oberlin Collegiate Institute in Lorain County, Ohio becomes the first college in the U.S. to admit female students. | |
1899 | Two battalions of British troops are cut off, surrounded and forced to surrender to General Petrus Joubert’s Boers at Nicholson’s Nek. | |
1905 | The czar of Russia issues the October Manifesto, granting civil liberties and elections in an attempt to avert the burgeoning support for revolution. | |
1918 | The Italians capture Vittorio Veneto and rout the Austro-Hungarian army. | |
1918 | Turkey signs an armistice with the Allies, agreeing to end hostilities at noon, October 31. | |
1922 | Mussolini sends his black shirts into Rome. The Fascist takeover is almost without bloodshed. The next day, Mussolini is made prime minister. He centralizes all power in himself as leader of the Fascist party and attempts to create an Italian empire, ultimately in alliance with Hitler‘s Germany. | |
1925 | Scotsman John L. Baird performs first TV broadcast of moving objects. | |
1938 | H.G. Wells’ War of the Worlds is broadcast over the radio by Orson Welles’ Mercury Theatre. Many panic believing it is an actual newscast about a Martian invasion. | |
1941 | The U.S. destroyer Reuben James, on convoy duty off Iceland, is sunk by a German U-boat with the loss of 96 Americans. | |
1942 | Lieutenant Tony Fasson, Able Seaman Colin Grazier, and canteen assistant Tommy Brown from HMS Petard board the sinking submarine U-559, capturing code books that will help British code-breakers at Bletchley Park crack the German naval “Shark” Enigma cipher. | |
1950 | The First Marine Division is ordered to replace the entire South Korean I Corps at the Chosin Reservoir area. | |
1953 | US Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower formally approves a top secret document to maintain and expand the country’s nuclear arsenal. | |
1961 | The USSR detonates “Tsar Bomba,” a 50-megaton hydrogen bomb; it is still (2016) the largest explosive device of any kind over detonated. | |
1965 | US Marines repel multiple-wave attacks by the Viet Cong within a few miles of Da Nang where the Marines are based; a sketch of Marine positions was found on the body of a 13-year-old boy who had been selling the Americans drinks the previous day. | |
1973 | The Bosphorus Bridge is completed at Istanbul, Turkey, connecting Europe and Asia over the Bosphorus Strait. | |
1974 | The “Rumble in the Jungle,” a boxing match in Zaire that many regard as the greatest sporting event of the 20th century, takes place; challenger Muhammad Ali knocks out previously undefeated World Heavyweight Champion George Foreman. | |
1975 | Prince Juan Carlos becomes acting head of state in Spain, replacing the ailing dictator Gen. Francisco Franco. | |
1985 | The Space Shuttle Challenger lifts off for its final successful mission. | |
1991 | BET Holdings Inc., becomes the first African-American company listed on the New York Stock Exchange. | |
2005 | The rebuilt Dresden Frauenkirche (Cult of Our Lady) that was destroyed during the firebombing of Dresden in WWII is rededicated. |
1618 | Sir Walter Raleigh is executed. After the death of Queen Elizabeth, Raleigh’s enemies spread rumors that he was opposed to the accession of King James. | |
1787 | Mozart’s opera Don Giovanni opens in Prague. | |
1814 | The Demologos, the first steam-powered warship, is launched in New York City. | |
1901 | Leon Czolgosz is electrocuted for the assassination of US President William McKinley. Czolgosz, an anarchist, shot McKinley on September 6 during a public reception at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, N.Y. Despite early hopes of recovery, McKinley died September 14, in Buffalo, NY. | |
1927 | Russian archaeologist Peter Kozloff apparently uncovers the tomb of Genghis Khan in the Gobi Desert, a claim still in dispute. | |
1929 | Black Tuesday takes place–the most catastrophic day in stock market history, the herald of the Great Depression. 16 million shares are sold at declining prices. By mid-November $30 billion of the $80 billion worth of stocks listed in September will have been wiped out. | |
1945 | The first ball-point pen is sold by Gimbell’s department store in New York for a price of $12. | |
1949 | Alonzo G. Moron of the Virgin Islands becomes the first African-American president of Hampton Institute, Hampton, Virginia. | |
1952 | French forces launch Operation Lorraine against Viet Minh supply bases in Indochina. | |
1964 | Thieves steal a jewel collection–including the world’s largest sapphire, the 565-carat “Star of India,” and the 100-carat DeLong ruby–from the Museum of Natural History in New York. The thieves are caught and most of the jewels recovered. | |
1969 | The U.S. Supreme Court orders immediate desegregation, superseding the previous “with all deliberate speed” ruling. | |
1969 | The first computer-to-computer link is established; the link is accomplished through ARPANET, forerunner of the Internet. | |
1972 | Palestinian guerrillas kill an airport employee and hijack a plane, carrying 27 passengers, to Cuba. They force West Germany to release 3 terrorists who were involved in the Munich Massacre. | |
1983 | More than 500,000 people protest in The Hague, The Netherlands, against cruise missiles. | |
1986 | The last stretch of Britain’s M25 motorway opens. | |
1998 | South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission reports condemn both sides on the Apartheid issue for committing atrocities. | |
1998 | John Glenn, at age 77, becomes the oldest person to go into outer space. He is part of the crew of Space Shuttle Discovery, STS-95. | |
1998 | The deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record up to that time, Hurricane Mitch, makes landfall in Honduras (in 2005 Hurricane Wilma surpassed it); nearly 11,000 people die and approximately the same number go missing. | |
2004 | For the first time, Osama bin Laden admits direct responsibility for the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the US; his comments are part of a video broadcast by the Al Jazeera network. | |
2008 | Delta and Northwest airlines merge, forming the world’s largest airline. | |
2012 | Hurricane Sandy devastates much of the East Coast of the US; nearly 300 die directly or indirectly from the storm. |
Several Haskell men who had been exposed to influenza went to Camp Funston, in central Kansas. Days later, on March 4, the first soldier known to have influenza reported ill. The huge Army base was training men for combat in World War I, and within two weeks 1,100 soldiers were admitted to the hospital, with thousands more sick in barracks. Thirty-eight died. Then, infected soldiers likely carried influenza from Funston to other Army camps in the States—24 of 36 large camps had outbreaks—sickening tens of thousands, before carrying the disease overseas. Meanwhile, the disease spread into U.S. civilian communities.The flu ravaged Europe, then abated in July, leading to a false sense that it was over. When it roared back, it was deadlier than ever. The disease was exacerbated in the US, where government officials refused to acknowledge it, fearing it would hinder the war effort. The lack of information only fueled panic. Smithsonian magazine tells us about the spread of the 1918 flu pandemic.
The influenza virus mutates rapidly, changing enough that the human immune system has difficulty recognizing and attacking it even from one season to the next. A pandemic occurs when an entirely new and virulent influenza virus, which the immune system has not previously seen, enters the population and spreads worldwide. Ordinary seasonal influenza viruses normally bind only to cells in the upper respiratory tract—the nose and throat—which is why they transmit easily. The 1918 pandemic virus infected cells in the upper respiratory tract, transmitting easily, but also deep in the lungs, damaging tissue and often leading to viral as well as bacterial pneumonias.