It made its debut in the heyday of
cross-country train travel, faced demolition in the era of the auto,
and got a new lease on life with a facelift in its eighth decade.
Now Grand Central Terminal, the doyenne of American train stations, is celebrating its 100th birthday.
Opened on February 2, 1913, when trains were a luxurious means of traveling across America, the iconic New York landmark with its Beaux-Arts facade is an architectural gem, and still one of America's greatest transportation hubs.
It is also the Big Apple's second-most-popular tourist attraction, after Times Square.
"We are among the top 10 most-visited sites in the world," boasted Dan Brucker, manager of Grand Central Tours at Metro-North Railroad, the commuter rail service that operates from Grand Central.
"Every day more than 750,000 people come through Grand Central Terminal
- that is the entire population of Alaska that walks through here every
day. It is the entire population of the state of North Dakota," he
noted.
Many are commuters
who arrive on trains every 58 seconds at the peak of the morning rush,
pouring onto the terminal's dozens of platforms. Tourists gasp at the
vaulted ceiling and sprawling 22,000-square-foot marble concourse, which
has doubled as a film set for movies such as "The Fisher King" and "The Cotton Club." And thousands from both groups eat and shop at any of the 103 restaurants and stores.
"There are a lot of
beautiful old train stations in this country but none as big, and none
as ornate, and none as elevated and well-known as Grand Central," said Gabrielle Shubert, the director of New York Transit Museum.
HARDSHIPS, RENOVATIONS AND SECRETS
The February 2 anniversary will mark the start of
year-long celebrations commemorating the centennial with exhibitions,
performances, promotions and public events.
Since its beginnings in 1913, when Grand Central was dubbed the greatest railway terminal in the world with an $80 million price tag, it has been an integral part of New York.
In its early heyday Grand Central
was a center of culture, with an art gallery, theater and tennis court,
as well as a commerce hub with travelers boarding trains like the
Yankee Clipper and the 20th Century Limited for luxurious long-distance
trips.
"As early as 1929 there were individually controlled
air conditioning in the staterooms," said Brucker, adding that chefs and
hairdressers traveled with the well-heeled clientele.
But following World War Two,
as government subsidies helped build airports and improve roads, the
Golden Age of rail travel lost its luster, relegated to the status of
dowdy old-timer as planes and autos took the forefront in travel,
propelled by speed and lower prices.
During the ensuing decades Grand Central deteriorated, property prices in New York rose dramatically and plans were commissioned to demolish the terminal.
But a reprieve, spearheaded by former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, led to its designation in 1976 as a National Historic Landmark, a decision upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court.
By 1991 long-distance trains had stopped serving Grand Central,
and Metro-North Railroad, which had been created a decade earlier to
consolidate operates four lines into the terminal, had become the
country's largest regional railroad.
A two-year
restoration began in 1996 that returned the terminal to its former
glory. Every detail, from the acorn motifs emblem of the Vanderbilt
family who built it, to the marble walls and floors, and chandeliers,
was meticulously replicated. More than $1 million was spent cleaning the
black-stained ceiling.
"This place was redone perfectly to the way it looked in 1913," according to Brucker.
But just as
impressive as its public face are the secrets of the terminal: the
underground tracks; unmapped cellar, which is the largest in New York; the secret station, hidden staircase and crosswalks in the massive east- and west-facing windows.
"It was the power source for all the buildings around. Underneath Grand Central
is steam production and electric production that powered not just the
building itself but all the buildings around it. That's unique," said
the Transit Museum's Shubert.
On Grand Central's
lower level, the famous domed whispering gallery transmits soft sound
across the arc of the ceiling, enabling visitors to whisper to each
other from diagonal corners.
"Here is this country we don't have piazzas and plazas where people congregate," Shubert said. "We have Grand Central. People seem to amass themselves in Grand Central to mourn, to celebrate, to get news when there is a crisis going on.
"This is the only indoor space where people gather to share many moments of humanity."
Using two hypothetical characters the group compared premiums offered to
two 30-year-old women. Both had driven for 10 years, lived on the same
street in a middle-income Zip code and both wanted the minimum insurance
required by whichever state the group was researching.
