1631
Michael Romanov, son of the Patriarch of Moscow, is elected Russian Tsar.
1744
The British blockade of Toulon is broken by 27 French and Spanish warships attacking 29 British ships.
1775
As troubles with Great Britain increase, colonists in Massachusetts vote to buy military equipment for 15,000 men.
1797
Trinidad, West Indies surrenders to the British.
1828
The first issue of the Cherokee Phoenix is printed, both in English and in the newly invented Cherokee alphabet.
1849
In the Second Sikh War, Sir Hugh Gough's well placed guns win a victory
over a Sikh force twice the size of his at Gujerat on the Chenab River,
assuring British control of the Punjab for years to come.
1862
The Texas Rangers win a Confederate victory in the Battle of Val Verde, New Mexico.
1878
The world's first telephone book is issued by the New Haven Connecticut
Telephone Company containing the names of its 50 subscribers.
1885
The Washington Monument is dedicated in Washington, D.C.
1905
The Mukden campaign of the Russo-Japanese War, begins.
1916
The battle of Verdun begins with an unprecedented German artillery barrage of the French lines.
1940
The Germans begin construction of a concentration camp at Auschwitz.
1944
Hideki Tojo becomes chief of staff of the Japanese army.
1949
Nicaragua and Costa Rica sign a friendship treaty ending hostilities over their borders.
1951
The U. S. Eighth Army launches Operation Killer, a counterattack to push Chinese forces north of the Han River in Korea.
1956
A grand jury in Montgomery, Alabama indicts 115 in a Negro bus boycott.
1960
Havana places all Cuban industry under direct control of the government.
1965
El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Malcom X) is assassinated in front of 400 people.
1972
Richard Nixon arrives in Beijing, China, becoming the first U.S.
president to visit a country not diplomatically recognized by the U.S.
1974
A report claims that the use of defoliants by the U.S. has
scarred Vietnam for a century.
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