Today in History

1648		The “shoemakers of Boston”–the first labor organization in what would become the United States–is authorized by the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
1685		The Edict of Nantes is lifted by King Louis XIV. The edict, signed at Nantes, France, by King Henry IV in 1598, gave the Huguenots religious liberty, civil rights and security. By revoking the Edict of Nantes, Louis XIV abrogated their religious liberties.
1813		The Allies defeat Napoleon Bonaparte at Leipzig.
1867		The Alaska territory is formally transferred to the U.S. from Russian control.
1867		The rules for American football are formulated at a meeting in New York among delegates from Columbia, Rutgers, Princeton and Yale universities.
1910		M. Baudry is the first to fly a dirigible across the English Channel–from La Motte-Breil to Wormwood Scrubs.
1912		The First Balkan War breaks out between the members of the Balkan League–Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro–and the Ottoman Empire.
1918		Czechs seize Prague and renounce Hapsburg’s rule.
1921		Russian Soviets grant Crimean independence.
1939		President Franklin D. Roosevelt bans war submarines from U.S. ports and waters.
1944		Lt. General Joseph Stilwell is recalled from China by president Franklin Roosevelt.
1945		A group of the Venezuelan armed forces, led by Mario Vargas, Marcos Pérez Jiménez, and Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, stages a coup d’état against president Isaías Medina Angarita, who is overthrown by the end of the day.
1950		The First Turkish Brigade arrives in Korea to assist the U.N. forces fighting there.
2003		Bolivian president Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada resigns in the wake of protests centered around Bolivia’s natural gas resources.
2007		A suicide attack on a motorcade in Karachi, Pakistan, kills at least 139 and wounds 450; the subject of the attack, Pakistan’s former prime minister Benazir Bhutto, is not harmed.