Fantasmagorie is an 1908 French animated film by Émile Cohl (born Émile Eugène Jean Louis Courtet). It is one of the earliest examples of traditional animation, and considered by film historians to be the first animated cartoon. To make this film, Cohl placed each drawing on an illuminated glass plate and then traced the next drawing-with variations-on top of it until he had some 700 drawings.
In 1908, chalkboard caricaturists were common vaudeville attractions and the characters in the film look as though they've been drawn on a chalkboard, but it's an illusion. By filming black lines on paper and then printing in negative Cohl makes his animations appear to be chalk drawings.
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